Method for precise timestamping of narrowband signals in the presence of multipath

ABSTRACT

A method for detecting times-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node: during a time slot, receiving a signal comprising a carrier signal characterized by a carrier frequency and modulated by a template signal defining a code sequence characterized by a transmitter chip period; demodulating the signal according to a local oscillator frequency to generate a received baseband signal, the local oscillator frequency and the carrier frequency defining a desynchronization ratio characterized by a denominator greater than a threshold denominator; sampling the received baseband signal at the transmitter chip period to generate a set of digital samples; generating a reconstructed baseband signal based on the set of digital samples; calculating a cross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of the reconstructed baseband signal and the template signal; and calculating, on the fine time grid, a time-of-arrival of the signal based on the cross-correlation function.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/832,096, filed on 10 Apr. 2019, which is incorporated in its entiretyby this reference.

This application is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/405,922, filed on 7 May 2019, and U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/588,722, filed on 20 Sep. 2019, which are incorporated in theirentireties by this reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the field of signal processing andmore specifically to a new and useful method for timestamping ortime-of-arrival detection in the field of signal processing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a flowchart representation of a method;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart representation of one variation of the method;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a system;

FIG. 4A is a flowchart representation of one variation of the method;

FIG. 4B is a flowchart representation of one variation of the method;and

FIG. 5 is a flowchart representation of one variation of the method.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

The following description of embodiments of the invention is notintended to limit the invention to these embodiments but rather toenable a person skilled in the art to make and use this invention.Variations, configurations, implementations, example implementations,and examples described herein are optional and are not exclusive to thevariations, configurations, implementations, example implementations,and examples they describe. The invention described herein can includeany and all permutations of these variations, configurations,implementations, example implementations, and examples.

1. Method

As shown in FIG. 1 , a method S100 for detecting times-of-arrival ofsignals includes, at a receiving node: during a time slot, receiving asignal comprising a first carrier signal characterized by a firstcarrier frequency and modulated by a first template signal defining afirst code sequence characterized by a transmitter chip period in BlockSilo; demodulating the signal according to a local oscillator frequencyto generate a received baseband signal, the local oscillator frequencyand the carrier frequency defining a desynchronization ratio inirreducible form characterized by a denominator greater than a thresholddenominator in Block S120; sampling the received baseband signal at thetransmitter chip period to generate a set of digital samples in BlockS132; generating, on a fine time grid, a reconstructed baseband signalbased on the set of digital samples, the fine time grid characterized bya time resolution less than the transmitter chip period in Block S140;calculating, on the fine time grid, a cross-correlation functioncomprising a cross-correlation of the reconstructed baseband signal andthe template signal in Block S150; and calculating, on the fine timegrid, a time-of-arrival of the signal based on the cross-correlationfunction in Block S160.

As shown in FIG. 2 , one variation of the method S100 includes:receiving the signal comprising a template signal defining a codesequence characterized by a transmitter chip period in Block Silo;demodulating the signal to generate a received baseband signal in BlockS122; sampling the received baseband signal at a receiver samplingperiod to generate a set of digital samples, the receiver samplingperiod and the transmitter chip period defining a desynchronizationratio in irreducible form characterized by a denominator greater than athreshold denominator in Block S130; generating, on a fine time grid, areconstructed baseband signal based on the set of digital samples, thefine time grid characterized by a time resolution less than the receiversampling period and less than the transmitter chip period in Block S140;calculating, on the fine time grid, a cross-correlation functioncomprising a cross-correlation of the reconstructed baseband signal andthe template signal in Block S150; and calculating, on the fine timegrid, the time-of-arrival of the signal based on the cross-correlationfunction in Block S160.

2. Applications

Generally, the method S100 is executed by the receiver node system(hereinafter “the system”) including networking hardware—such as anantenna, transceiver hardware (e.g., a homodyne, a heterodyne, or asuper heterodyne architecture), an FPGA/DSP core, and a clock (e.g., aquartz crystal oscillator)—in order to improve time-of-arrival(hereinafter “TOA”) resolution and overcome effects of multipath fadingwhile timestamping received signals. In particular, the system canexecute Blocks of the method S100 to calculate a TOA of a narrowbandsignal (e.g., five MHz)—broadcasted by a transmitting node—in thepresence of a multipath environment with a delay spread, such as towithin a fraction (e.g., less than one-tenth) of the delay spread. Forexample, the system can calculate the time of arrival of a narrowbandsignal in an indoor wireless multipath channel with a delay spread oftens of nanoseconds to within one nanosecond without operating at aprohibitively high sampling rate.

More specifically, the system can: receive a signal—characterized by acarrier frequency—broadcast by a transmitting node (or other device);demodulate the received signal according to a local oscillator frequencyof the system that is desynchronized from the carrier frequency of thesignal; sample the received signal to generate a set of digital samples;generate a reconstructed baseband signal on a fine time grid (i.e., agrid characterized by sub-sample time-resolution) based on the set ofdigital samples; calculate a cross-correlation function (e.g., a matchedfilter) between a template of the transmitted baseband signal and thereconstructed baseband signal on the fine time grid; calculate anamplitude response of the cross-correlation function on the fine timegrid; identify a set of peaks representing TOAs of multipath componentsof the signal based on the amplitude response; and identify a peakcorresponding to the line-of-sight (hereinafter “LOS”) TOA of thesignal. Thus, by varying the local oscillator frequency relative to thecarrier frequency of the signal according to a desynchronization ratio(between the carrier frequency and the local oscillator frequency), thesystem can desynchronize the correspondence between symbols of thetransmitted baseband signal and symbols of the reconstructed basebandsignal, thereby enabling the system to calculate LOS TOAs for narrowbandand multipath faded signals characterized by sub-sample-period accuracy,such as within one nanosecond for a signal spanning five MHz of analogbandwidth.

In one variation, the system alternatively desynchronizes the receiversampling period from a chip period of the signal (hereinafter the“transmitter chip period”) in order to desynchronize digital samples ofthe received signal from the symbols of the signal, thereby alsoenabling subsample resolution upon cross-correlation of thereconstructed baseband signal and a template signal. More specifically,the system can: receive a signal broadcast by the transmitting node;demodulate the received signal; sample the received signal at a receiversampling period (or, equivalently, a “receiver sampling rate”)—thatdiffers from the transmitter chip period (or, equivalently, the“transmitter chip rate”) of the signal—to generate a set of digitalsamples; generate the reconstructed baseband signal on a fine time gridbased on the set of digital samples; calculate a cross-correlationfunction between a template of the transmitted baseband signal and thereconstructed baseband signal on the fine time grid; calculate anamplitude response of the cross-correlation function; identify a set ofpeaks representing TOAs of multipath components of the signal based onthe amplitude response; and identify a peak corresponding to the LOS TOAof the signal.

In instances in which the system fails to estimate the LOS TOA of thesignal to within a target accuracy, the system can execute additionalphase extraction and refinement techniques to further improve theaccuracy of the LOS TOA calculation. More specifically, the system cancalculate a phase response of the cross-correlation function; extractthe carrier phase of the signal corresponding to the identified peak ofthe amplitude response; and refine the LOS TOA estimate based on thiscarrier phase over multiple narrow (e.g., five MHz frequency bands).

When executing Blocks of the method S100, the system receives a signalfrom the transmitting node. In particular, the signal can include acarrier signal characterized by a carrier frequency modulated by a codesequence defined by a transmitter chip period. Thus, the signal carriesthe code sequence at a bit/symbol rate defined by the transmitter chipperiod modulated within a carrier signal characterized by the carrierfrequency. When propagating through an external environment, the signalmay be affected by multipath fading such that the system receivesmultiple attenuated repetitions of this signal. The system can thendemodulate the signal according to a desynchronized local oscillatorfrequency or sample the received signal at a desynchronized samplingrate in order to determine the TOA of the signal to within smallerfractions of the receiver sampling period. In accordance with the abovedescribed method, the system can also achieve greater time resolutionwhen calculating the TOA for signals of longer durations due to theimproved performance of matched filters for longer signal durations.

However, given limitations in transmission time for the signal (e.g., ina TDMA slot), the system may receive a signal of a short duration (e.g.,tens of microseconds). For shorter signal durations, a cross-correlationfunction generated by the system may exhibit wider peaks that preventthe system from identifying the TOA of the signal from thecross-correlation function via peak finding methods, especially when themultipath delay spread is smaller than the peak width. In theseinstances, the system can leverage characteristics of thecross-correlation function to recover the phase of each multipathcomponent detected, wherein each phase corresponds to a peak identifiedin the cross-correlation function. More specifically, the phase responseof the cross-correlation function exhibits relative flatness aroundpeaks in the amplitude response of the cross-correlation function.Therefore, even if the time corresponding to the earliest peak in thecross-correlation does not represent the TOA of the LOS component of thesignal within the target degree of accuracy, the system can recover anestimate of the carrier phase corresponding to the LOS multipathcomponent of the signal.

Therefore, in the context of a two-way ranging application, the systemcan statistically refine an initial TOA estimate for the signal based onthe phase information for the LOS component of the signal in addition toan initial estimate of the transmission time of the signal. Since thephase information is enhanced by the accuracy of the peak time estimate,the system can repeat the process (of phase estimates, then peak timeestimate, then phase estimate again) iteratively. The system can, inaddition, execute multiband signal processing to: calculate multiplecarrier phases for each carrier frequency carrying the signal; calculatethe propagation time of the LOS signal based on the set of carrierphases and statistical refinement techniques; and, based on thepropagation time of the signal, calculate the TOA of the signal.

In one implementation, the system can execute deconvolution and adaptivemethods to further improve the calculation of the LOS TOA of the signaldespite the challenges imposed by multipath fading. For example, thesystem can pre-compute the shape of the cross-correlation function,given the code sequence, the number of symbols, and thedesynchronization ratio; and perform deconvolution to derive the TOA ofeach multipath component comprising the received signal. In anotherexample, the system can communicate with the transmitting node toadaptively increase the signal length in order to better estimate theTOA of the signal.

Thus, by executing Blocks of the method S100, the system can calculatethe LOS TOA of a signal to within one nanosecond. In applications inwhich the system also executes a time synchronization protocol or atwo-way ranging protocol—such as the protocols described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/405,922—the system, by timestamping signalstransmitted according to this protocol according to the method S100, canfurther improve the accuracy of these protocols to within one nanosecondwhile calculating the time bias between two transceivers or thepropagation delay between two transceivers. Additionally, for instancesin which the system and/or other transceivers with which the system iscommunicating are located in a multipath-producing environment (e.g.,warehouses, constructions sites, offices, urban environments, andorbital environments), the system, by executing the method S100, canmaintain sub-nanosecond accuracy in the presence of thesemultipath-producing environments.

3. Syntonization

While executing the method S100, the system can first eliminate thefrequency drift between the clock of the system and a clock of thetransmitting node such that the frequency offset between thetransmitting node and the system (i.e., the receiving node) is within athreshold frequency offset (e.g., the system syntonizes the clocks ofthe system and the transmitting node). A process for syntonizationbetween nodes in a network is described in U.S. patent application Ser.No. 16/588,722, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In addition to syntonizing the clocks of the transmitting node and thesystem to within a threshold frequency offset (e.g., to within onepart-per-billion), the system can also characterize this frequencyoffset and account for this frequency offset when controlling the localoscillator frequency or the receiver sampling frequency, therebymaintaining a target desynchronization ratio for the signal. Morespecifically, the system can: characterize a frequency offset betweenthe receiving node and a transmitting node of the signal; and calculatean adjusted local oscillator frequency based on the local oscillatorfrequency and the frequency offset, the adjusted local oscillatorfrequency and the carrier frequency defining the desynchronizationratio; and down-convert the signal according to the adjusted first localoscillator frequency to generate the first received baseband signal. Forexample, upon detecting a frequency offset between the transmitting nodeand the system equal to ten MHz, the system can adjust the localoscillator frequency by ten MHz such that the actual desynchronizationratio between the carrier frequency of the signal and the localoscillator frequency matches a target desynchronization ratio. Thus, thesystem can ensure that the actual desynchronization ratio between thecarrier frequency and the local oscillator frequency of the systemmatches a target desynchronization ratio between the carrier frequencyand the local oscillator frequency.

In another implementation, the system can characterize and/or predict arelative frequency drift between clocks of the transmitting node and thesystem and modify the duration of the signal to account for thepredicted frequency drift over the duration of the signal. Morespecifically, the system can: characterize a frequency drift between thereceiving node and a transmitting node of the transmitting signal;calculate the time slot for receiving the signal based on the frequencydrift; and configure the transmitting node to transmit the first signalcharacterized by a first duration less than the first time slot. Forexample, the system can: predict that the frequency offset between thetransmitting node and the system will increase by two parts-per-billionduring a time slot; and, therefore, shorten this time slot and theduration of the signal by a factor of two in order to maintain afrequency drift during the time slot less than a threshold frequencydrift. Thus, the system can adapt the duration of the signal and thetime slot during which the signal is received by the system, in order tominimize the effects of frequency drift on the efficacy of the LOS TOAcalculation for the signal.

4. Signal Characteristics

The system, as shown in FIG. 3 can receive and timestamp (i.e.,calculate a TOA for) signals (i.e., signals received by the signal)defining particular characteristics. Generally, the signal can include acarrier signal modulated (e.g., via quadrature modulation) by a complexvalued baseband signal (e.g., a phase shift keyed signal) generated froma known code sequence to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the signalas it is received at the system. More specifically, the system includesa carrier signal characterized by a carrier frequency, f_(c), modulatedby a baseband signal that can include a code sequence at a transmitterchip period, T′_(c). However, the system can calculate the TOA of anysequence assuming the data sequence transmitted in the signal isaccessible to the system such that the system can generate a templatesignal for executing the super-resolved matched filter and thereforeidentify the signal.

Additionally, the system can receive and calculate the LOS TOA ofsignals transmitted over multiple simultaneous carrier frequencies. Morespecifically, the system can receive a signal including multiplenarrowband frequency components in order to extract phase informationfrom each frequency component and therefore further refine the estimateof the LOS TOA of the signal, as further described below.

4.1 Baseband Signal

Generally, the system receives the signal including a baseband signalthat further includes a code sequence. More specifically, the system canreceive signals including a pseudorandom code sequence, such as aBernoulli code sequence, a maximal length code sequence, a Gold codesequence, a Kasami code sequence, a Barker code sequence, a Zadoff-Chucode sequence, or any other perfect code sequence. In oneimplementation, the system can receive and timestamp signals including acode sequence that includes a constant amplitude, zero autocorrelationwaveform in order to increase the sharpness of peaks generated inamplitude response of the cross-correlation function.

The system can calculate the TOA of the signal within a shorter signalduration for signals with target auto-correlation properties (e.g., ahigh autocorrelation at zero delay and a low autocorrelation elsewhere).The system can receive signals with a baseband signal, s(t), of theform:

${{s(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N - 1}{b_{n}{g^{\prime}\left( {t - {nT_{c}^{\prime}}} \right)}}}},$where T′_(c) is the transmitter chip period, b_(n) (e.g., in {−1, 1}) isthe known code sequence {b_(n)}_(n=0) ^(∞), and g′(t) is the chipwaveform (a rectangular pulse or any other pulse shape). Thus, the timeduration of the signal is NT′_(c).4.1.1 Signal Duration

The signal is characterized by a duration, NT′_(c), that can varydepending on the implementation. However, the system, by executingBlocks of the method S100, can more accurately identify signals of alonger duration based on the desynchronization ratio and super-resolvedmatched filter further described below. Thus, the duration of an idealsignal for timestamping by the system may be characterized by a durationless than the available time in a particular communication slot (e.g.,TDMA slot) but long enough to achieve the target accuracy of thecalculated time-of-arrival for the system.

In some implementations, the system is performing other communicationand/or ranging functions and therefore receives the signal during alimited time slot (e.g., 66 microseconds for an LTE protocol). In thisimplementation, the system or another related system can communicatewith the transmitting node to modify the signal duration such that thesignal duration is shorter than the duration of the time slot.

4.2 Carrier Signal

Generally, the system can receive a signal including a carrier signalmodulated by the code sequence. More specifically, the system canreceive a signal including a carrier signal characterized by a carrierfrequency generated according a local oscillator of the transmittingdevice. Thus, in the desynchronized demodulation variation, the systemcan coordinate with the transmitting node to verify that the localoscillator frequency of the transmitting node and the local oscillatorfrequency of the system define the desynchronization ratio. Furthermore,the system can derive additional information, such as the carrier phaseof the signal, to refine the calculation of the TOA of the signal, asfurther described below. The system can therefore receive a signalcharacterized by any type of modulation, such as amplitude modulation,frequency modulation, or phase modulation.

In one implementation, in order for the system to receive a signalaccording to standard RF transceiver technology, the system can receivea passband signal generated from the baseband signal described above bymixing the baseband signal (i.e., upconverting the baseband signal).Upon receiving this upconverted signal, the system can filter and mixthe received passband signal according to the local oscillatoryfrequency of the system, thereby down-converting the received passbandto a received baseband signal.

In another implementation, the system can receive a signal over multiplefrequency bands and can further improve the accuracy of the carrierphase refinement process further described below. In thisimplementation, the system can receive a signal including passbandsignals of multiple different frequencies, each modulated by thebaseband signal.

5. Signal Reception

Thus, in Block S110, the system receives the signal of a durationincluding the carrier signal modulated by the code sequence. The systemcan receive a version of the signal that has been subjected to multipathfading, Doppler shifts, and/or other interference in addition to generaladditive electromagnetic noise. Upon receiving the signal at the antennaand filtering the signal to generate a received passband signal; thesystem demodulates the signal according to the modulation scheme of thesignal to generate a received baseband signal that is a multipath fadedversion of the transmitted baseband signal.

When executing the desynchronized demodulation variation of the methodS100, the system desynchronizes the received baseband signal relative tothe transmitted baseband signal by selecting a local oscillatorfrequency offset from the carrier frequency of the transmitted passbandsignal (based on the desynchronization ratio) and demodulating passbandsignal according to this local oscillator frequency.

When executing the desynchronized sampling variation of the method S100,the system desynchronizes a set of digital samples sampled from thereceived baseband signal relative to the transmitted baseband signal byselecting a receiver sampling frequency offset from the transmitter chipfrequency of the signal (based on the desynchronization ratio) andsamples the received baseband signal according to this receiver samplingfrequency. Each of these variations are mathematically equivalent forthe purpose of calculating a LOS TOA for the signal and are described infurther details below.

5.1 Desynchronized Demodulation Variation

Generally, as shown in FIG. 4A, the system can execute thedesynchronized demodulation variation of the method S100 in order todesynchronize symbols in the received baseband signal from the symbolsin the transmitted baseband signal (i.e., the template signal) suchthat, upon reconstruction of received baseband signal, the system cancalculate a cross-correlation function between the two functions on afine-time grid with a time resolution less than the symbol time. Thus,upon cross-correlating the reconstructed baseband signal with thetemplate signal, the amplitude response of the cross-correlationfunction varies continuously (approximately continuously on a fine timegrid) with the dummy variable (i.e., a time offset of the reconstructedbaseband signal and the template signal) resulting in a sharpcross-correlation peak, as opposed to resulting in a symbol-widthcross-correlation peak, upon symbol alignment of the reconstructedbaseband signal and the template signal. Additionally, the system canfurther improve the aforementioned desynchronization effect bycontrolling the desynchronization ratio defined by the local oscillatorfrequency and the carrier frequency of the signal.

5.1.1 Desynchronized Demodulation

Generally, in Block S120, the system can demodulate (e.g., down-convert)the signal to generate an analog, multipath-faded baseband signal fromthe (baseband or passband) received baseband signal r(t). This analogsignal contains information about the TOA of the analog received signal(in both the carrier phase of the analog received signal and the timevariation of the analog received signal), but the unknown multipathprofile leads to an uncertainty in the time of arrival given by thedelay spread of the multipath profile (tens to thousands of nanosecondsfor a typical cellular wireless signal). The (analog) passband signalreceived at the antenna of the system is modeled as follows whensubjected to multipath fading:

${{x(t)} = {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{{s\left( {t - \tau_{m}} \right)}\alpha_{m}e^{j({{2\pi{f_{c}({t - \tau_{m}})}} + \phi_{m}})}}}},$where M is the number of detectable multipath components, τ_(m)represents the delay associated with the m^(th) multipath, am representsthe amplitude associated with the m^(th) multipath, ϕm represents thephase associated with the m^(th) multipath. Thus, the received signalcan be modeled as a superposition of M multipath components, with thedelay spread given by the difference between the minimum and the maximumdelay components.

During a standard direct down-conversion demodulation process (where thelocal oscillator frequency matches the carrier frequency), the systemdemodulates the received passband signal by mixing the received passbandsignal with a quadrature signal at the carrier frequency, f_(c),resulting in a received baseband signal as modeled below:

${r(t)} = {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{{s\left( {t - \tau_{m}} \right)}\alpha_{m}{e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}\tau_{m}} - \phi_{m}})}.}}}$

However, due to the desynchronization between the local oscillatorfrequency f_(LO) and the carrier frequency, f_(c), the resultingreceived baseband signal is modeled as follows:

${{r(t)} = {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{{s\left( {t - \tau_{m}} \right)}\alpha_{m}e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}{R({t - \tau_{m}})}} + \phi_{m}})}}}},{{{where}R} = {\frac{f_{c} - f_{LO}}{f_{c}} = \frac{f_{d}}{f_{c}}}}$represents the desynchronization ratio. Given the narrowbandapproximation, the expression simplifies to:

${r(t)} \approx {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{{s(t)}\alpha_{m}{e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}{R({t - \tau_{m}})}} + \phi_{m}})}.}}}$

Thus, the system generates a received baseband signal r(t) includinginformation identifying the TOA of each multipath component of thesignal. The system can control the particular value of f_(LO) and f_(c)in order to maintain the desynchronization ratio of R=R_(num)/R_(den)such that the ratio, represented in irreducible form (e.g., whereR_(num), R_(den)∈Z and where R_(num) and R_(den) have no commonfactors), defines a denominator, R_(den) greater than a thresholddenominator. In order to achieve subsample TOA accuracy, the system canset the threshold denominator proportional to the target accuracy of theTOA calculation. For example, in applications in which the system isconfigured to calculate a TOA with a subsample accuracy of better thanone nanosecond, the system can adjust f_(LO) relative to f_(c) such thatR_(den) is greater than 1·10⁹. In one implementation, the system can:detect the value of f_(c) in the signal and adjust f_(LO) relative tothe detected f_(c) such that the denominator, R_(den), exceeds thethreshold denominator.

In one implementation, the system can generate a value for R byapproximating an irrational number (e.g., by minimizing the error of Rrelative to some irrational number such as via) in order to increaseR_(den) above the threshold denominator.

In another implementation, the system can calculate the LOS TOA towithin a sample period by executing a standard matched filter, and thenrefining the coarse TOA estimate to sub-sample accuracy using thecarrier phase information obtained via the desynchronizeddown-conversion process, as is further described below.

5.1.2 Sampling

Generally, in Block S132, the system can sample the received basebandsignal, at a receiver sampling period equal to the transmitter chipperiod, in order to generate a set of digital samples (i.e., a complexdigital signal), r[n], of the received baseband signal, r(t). Morespecifically, the system can sample the received baseband signal togenerate a set of digital samples described as follows:

${r\lbrack n\rbrack} = {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{{s\left( {nT}_{c}^{\prime} \right)}{e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}{R({{nT_{c}^{\prime}} - \tau_{m}})}} + \phi_{m}})}.}}}$5.2 Desynchronized Sampling Variation

Generally, as shown in FIG. 4B, the system can execute thedesynchronized sampling variation of the method S100 in order todesynchronize symbols in the received baseband signal from the symbolsin the transmitted baseband signal (i.e., the template signal). However,instead of desynchronizing the local oscillator frequency at the systemfrom the carrier frequency of the signal, the system desynchronizes thedigital sampling rate from the transmitter component rate characterizingthe code sequence. Upon reconstruction of received baseband signal, thesystem can calculate a cross-correlation function between the twofunctions on a fine time grid with a time resolution less than samplingrate of the system. Thus, the system can similarly improve theproperties of the cross-correlation function generated bycross-correlating the reconstructed baseband signal with the templatesignal as described above.

5.2.1 Demodulation

Generally, in Block S122, the system can down-convert the signal bymixing the signal with a local oscillator frequency equal to the carrierfrequency to generate a received signal. More specifically, the systemcan recover an analog multipath faded baseband signal from the (basebandor passband) received signal r(t). This analog signal containsinformation about the TOA of the analog received signal (in both thecarrier phase of the analog received signal and the time variation ofthe analog received signal), but the unknown multipath profile leads toan uncertainty in the time of arrival given by the delay spread of themultipath profile (tens to thousands of nanoseconds for a typicalcellular wireless signal). The (analog) baseband received signal can bedescribed as follows when subjected to multipath fading:

${r(t)} = {\sum\limits_{m - 0}^{M - 1}{{s\left( {t - \tau_{m}} \right)}\alpha_{m}e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}\tau_{m}} - \phi_{m}})}}}$where M is the number of detectable multipath components, T_(m) is thedelay associated with the m^(th) multipath, α_(m) is the amplitudeassociated with the m^(th) multipath, and ϕ_(m) is the phase associatedwith the m^(th) multipath. Thus, the received signal can be modeled as asuperposition of M multipath components, with the delay spread given bythe difference between the minimum and the maximum delay components.5.2.2 Desynchronized Sampling

After generating the analog received signal, in Block S130, the systemcan sample the received signal at a receiver sampling period differentfrom the transmitter chip period to generate a set of digital samplessuch that the desynchronization ratio, T_(c)/T′_(c), of the receiversampling period to the transmitter chip period approximates anirrational number and is characterized by a large denominator (whenexpressed in its irreducible form). More specifically, the system cansample digital samples from the received baseband signal at a receiversampling period, T_(c) that is different from the transmitter chipperiod, T′_(c), and wherein T_(c)/T′_(c), approximates an irrationalnumber. Thus, the system can obtain sub-sample accuracy uponimplementation of the matched filter due to intentional desynchronizeddigital sampling of the received signal. The system can sample thereceived signal at a receiver sampling period that is greater than orless than the transmitter chip period. The system can also define thereceiver sampling period as greater than half of the chip frequency andless than double the chip frequency or within the constraints of thesystem's digital signal processor (hereinafter “DSP”).

In one implementation, the system can define the receiver samplingperiod such that the desynchronization ratio T_(c)/T′_(c), inirreducible form, is characterized by a large denominator. Additionallyor alternatively, the system selects the receiver sampling period,T_(c), such that T_(c)/T′_(c), approximates an irrational number,thereby further increasing the resolution of the system for arbitrarilylong signals. In another implementation, the system selects a receiversampling period such that T_(c)/T′_(c) in irreducible form has thelargest denominator possible given the sampling jitter characteristicsof the system's ADC and/or DSP.

Thus, upon unsynchronized sampling of the received signal, the systemgenerates a set of digital samples, r[n], defined as:{r[n]

r(nT _(c))}_(n=−∞) ^(∞)6. Super-Resolved Matched Filter

Generally, the system can calculate a cross-correlation function of areconstructed baseband signal p₁(t) (based on the set of digital samplesr[n]) and a template signal p₂ (identical to the initial signal s(t)).Thus, the system executes a super-resolved matched filter by calculatingthe cross-correlation function of the two desynchronized signals toobtain peaks of the cross-correlation function corresponding to the TOAof each multipath component of the signal to a level of accuracy finerthan either the transmitter chip period or the receiver sampling period.Therefore, the system can identify the earliest peak of thecross-correlation function in order to obtain a coarse estimate of theTOA of the LOS component of the signal.

6.1 Baseband Signal Reconstruction

Generally, in Blocks S140, the system can generate, on a fine time grida reconstructed baseband signal that approximates the continuous timebaseband signal received at the system. More specifically, the systemcan generate the reconstructed baseband signal, p₁(t) from the set ofdigital samples, r[n] based on the pulse shape of the of the chipwaveform g′(t).

For example, if the pulse shape for the baseband signal is a rectangularpulse, then the system can use a zero-order hold to generate areconstructed baseband signal from the set of digital samples.Alternatively, the system can implement another piecewise function ofpulse shape g′(t) to match the form of the signal. In oneimplementation, the system can execute a digital-to-analog conversionwith a piecewise function of pulse shape g(t) different from g′(t) toimprove the peak width of the amplitude response of thecross-correlation function. In yet another alternative, the system's DACcan include a reconstruction filter to smooth the unsynchronized signalin order to obtain specific characteristics in the cross-correlationfunction.

In one implementation, the system can generate the reconstructedbaseband signal based on pulse shapes such as a sine pulse, a raisedcosine pulse, or a Gaussian pulse. Additionally or alternatively, thesystem can interpolate sections of reconstructed baseband signal vialinear, quadratic, or polynomial interpolation of the set of digitalsamples, r[n]. Thus, the system can: during a time slot, receive thesignal comprising the template signal defining the code sequencemodulated according to the carrier signal characterized by the carrierfrequency, the code sequence characterized by the transmitter chipperiod and a pulse shape; and generate, on the fine time grid, thereconstructed baseband signal based on the set of digital samples andthe pulse shape.

Generally, the system generates the reconstructed baseband signalcharacterized by a chip rate that corresponds to the sampling rate ofthe set of digital samples r[n]. Therefore, in the desynchronizeddemodulation variation, the system can generate a reconstructed basebandsignal p₁(t) of the form:

${p_{1}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}{{r\lbrack n\rbrack}{g\left( {t - {nT_{c}^{\prime}}} \right)}}}$Thus, in desynchronized demodulation variation, the reconstructedbaseband signal is characterized by the same chip rate as the signal.

Alternatively, in the desynchronized sampling variation, the chip rateassociated with the reconstructed baseband signal corresponds to thereceiver sampling period, T_(c), as opposed to the transmitter chipperiod T′_(c), thereby indicating that the reconstructed baseband signalis desynchronized relative to the template signal. Therefore, in thedesynchronized sampling variation, the system can generate areconstructed baseband signal of the form:

${p_{1}(t)} = {\sum\limits_{n = {- \infty}}^{\infty}{{r\lbrack n\rbrack}{{g\left( {t - {nT_{c}}} \right)}.}}}$

In one implementation, the system digitally approximates thereconstructed baseband signal (e.g., by evaluating the signal at asample rate substantially higher than the receiver sampling rate) inorder to calculate the cross-correlation of the reconstructed basebandsignal and the template signal on a fine time grid, as further describedbelow. Additionally or alternatively, the system can generate thereconstructed baseband signal on a fine time grid significantly smallerthan the target accuracy of the LOS TOA calculation. For example, thesystem can generate the reconstructed baseband signal on a fine timegrid with a resolution of 0.1 nanoseconds. Additionally oralternatively, the system can calculate the time resolution of the finetime grid based the denominator of the desynchronization ratio.

6.2 Template Signal

To execute the super-resolved digital matched filter, the systemaccesses a template signal, p₂(t), matching the baseband signal s(t) inorder to detect multipath components in the unsynchronized signal. Thus:

${p_{2}(t)} = {{s(t)} = {\sum_{n = 0}^{N - 1}{b_{n}{{g^{\prime}\left( {t - {nT}_{c}^{\prime}} \right)}.}}}}$

The periodicity of the template signal corresponds to the transmitterchip period, T′_(c), as opposed to the receiver sampling period, T_(c).

6.3 Cross-Correlation Function

Upon generating the reconstructed baseband signal and accessing thetemplate signal, the system can calculate a cross-correlation functionof the signals, thereby calculating a super-resolved matched filter inBlock S150. More specifically, the system can calculate, on the finetime grid, a cross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlationof the reconstructed baseband signal and the template signal. Whencalculating the cross-correlation function, the system integrates via adummy variable, τ, that corresponds to the delay time relative to somearbitrarily defined time (e.g., an absolute time tracked by the system).Thus, as N→∞, amplitude peaks of the cross-correlation function approachthe TOAs of various multipath components of the signal, while the phaseof the cross-correlation function approaches the carrier phaseassociated with each multipath component at the receiver.

Therefore, the system can calculate a super-resolved approximation ofthe continuous-time cross-correlation function of the following form:C(τ)=∫p ₁(t−τ)p ₂(t)*dt.

Furthermore,

${C(\tau)} = {\sum_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\alpha_{m}e^{j({{2\pi f_{c}\tau_{m}} + \phi_{m}})}{{S\left( {\tau - \tau_{m}} \right)}.}}}$Assuming the desynchronization ratio (T_(c)/T′_(c) or R) approximates anirrational number and assuming sequence {b_(n)}_(n=0) ^(∞) hasuncorrelated elements (e.g., an independent and identically distributedbinary sequence), S(τ) approaches δ(τ) as N→∞, wherein S(τ) is thecharacteristic peak shape of the cross-correlation function, which is afunction of the sequence {b_(n)}_(n=0) ^(∞), the pulse shapes g(t) andg′(t), the particular desynchronization ratio of and the value of N. Anexample of the amplitude response of the cross-correlation function C(τ)is shown in FIG. 5 . Note that the width of the correlation peak(roughly one nanosecond) as shown is significantly shorter than thesampling period at either the transmitter or the receiver (roughly 100nanoseconds).7. Amplitude Response Peak Identification

Upon calculating the cross-correlation function, C(τ), in Block S160,the system can identify an earliest peak time (corresponding to thesmallest value of τ), in a set of peak times based on an earliest localmaximum in the amplitude response of the cross-correlation function,∥C(τ)∥. In particular, the system can calculate, on the fine time grid,the time-of-arrival of the signal based on an earliest peak time in aset of peak times, each peak time in the set of peak times correspondingto a local maximum in an amplitude response of the cross-correlationfunction. Additionally or alternatively, the system can also calculate,on the fine time grid, the time-of-arrival of the signal based on amaximum time corresponding to a global maximum in an amplitude responseof the cross-correlation function. In this alternative implementation,the system can reduce the computational overhead of the calculation byassuming the earliest peak time is also characterized by the highest SNRand, therefore, corresponds to the global maximum of thecross-correlation function.

The system can calculate the values of that correspond with a peak ofthe amplitude response of the cross-correlation function, {{circumflexover (τ)}_(m)}_(m=0) ^({circumflex over (M)}−1). These values of{{circumflex over (τ)}_(m)}_(m=0) ^({circumflex over (M)}−1) are anapproximation of the actual sequence of multipath delay times{τ_(m)}_(m=0) ^(M−1), where {circumflex over (M)} is the number of peaksobservable in |C(τ)|, while M is the actual number of multipathcomponents of the signal.

For signals characterized by arbitrarily large signal lengths, N,{{circumflex over (τ)}_(m)}_(m=0)^({circumflex over (M)}−1)≈{τ_(m)}_(m=0) ^(M−1). Therefore, if N islarge (e.g., corresponding to a ten millisecond signal duration), thesystem can select {circumflex over (τ)}₀ as the TOA of the earliestmultipath component of the signal (i.e., the LOS component of the signalassuming the LOS component is not obstructed), thereby calculating theTOA of the signal to a high degree of accuracy. However, for signals ofsmaller signal length N (e.g., corresponding to a ten microsecond signalor a 100 microsecond signal), the peaks in the amplitude response of thecross-correlation function are broader and therefore less accurate withrespect to an exact TOA with an error on the order of the lesser of thereceiver sampling period and/or the delay spread (e.g., a single peakmay actually be the result of a superposition of two irresolvablepeaks). Therefore, in some circumstances, (e.g., in order to determinethe LOS TOA of the signal to within one nanosecond with a smaller signallength), the system can recover a carrier phase of the multipathcomponent corresponding to each {circumflex over (τ)}_(m) and refine theTOA estimate, {circumflex over (τ)}_(m), based on carrier phaserefinement techniques to improve the calculation of the TOA for thesignal of equal signal length. Alternatively, the system can execute adeconvolution algorithm to refine the calculation of the TOA of thesignal based on the specific characteristics of the peak shape of thecross-correlation function. Furthermore, the system can execute anadaptive signal length algorithm to increase the signal length in orderto achieve a target accuracy (either for final TOA calculation or forimproved phase recovery). Each of these implementations are furtherdescribed below.

8. Deconvolution Based Time-of-Arrival Detection

In one implementation, the system can refine the calculated TOA of thesignal by utilizing a deconvolution approach. More specifically, thesystem can calculate an ideal peak shape based on a signal duration(i.e., signal length), the transmitter chip period, the carrierfrequency, and the local oscillator frequency; and calculate adeconvolution function of the ideal peak shape and the cross-correlationfunction to generate a set of times-of-arrival, each time-of-arrivalcorresponding to a multipath component of the signal; and identify thetime of arrival as the earliest time-of-arrival in the set oftimes-of-arrival. Thus, by pre-calculating the ideal peak shape, S(τ)(i.e., assuming an ideal channel response S(τ), perfect noiselessreception and sampling of the signal), at various signal lengths N andat various values of the desynchronization ratio for a given codesequence {b_(n)}_(n=0) ^(∞), the system can solve a deconvolutionproblem to extract the TOA of each multipath component of the signal.Therefore, the system can calculate an ideal peak shape as amultivariable function:

${S\left( {\tau,\ N,\ T_{c},\ T_{c}^{\prime}} \right)} = {\int{\left( {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N - 1}{b_{n}{g^{\prime}\left( {t - \tau - {nT_{c}^{\prime}}} \right)}}} \right)\left( {\sum\limits_{n = 0}^{N - 1}{b_{n}{g\left( {t - {nT_{c}}} \right)}}} \right)^{*}{{dt}.}}}$Thus, upon calculating the ideal peak shape given τ, N, T_(c)/T′_(c),and {b_(n)}_(n=0) ^(∞), the system can then solve a deconvolutionproblem of the following form:(S(τ,N,T _(c) ,T′ _(c))*h(τ))+ϵ=C(τ),

where ϵ is accumulated noise and h(T) represents channel impulseresponse function defined parametrically as follows:

${h(\tau)} = {\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{M - 1}{\alpha_{m}e^{{j2\pi f_{c}\tau_{m}} + \phi_{m}}{{\delta\left( {\tau - \tau_{m}} \right)}.}}}$

Thus, upon solving the above deconvolution problem (and compensating fornoise ϵ), the system can recover {(α_(m),ϕ_(m),τ_(m))}_(m=0) ^(M−1) andselect τ₀ as the TOA of the signal.

The system can execute any deconvolution algorithm to solve the abovedescribed relation including Fourier transformation and/or numericaldeconvolution techniques (with or without super-resolution algorithms).

9. Phase Recovery

Generally, in Block S170, the system can identify a phase, ϕ₀corresponding to the earliest peak time ({circumflex over (τ)}₀ of{{circumflex over (τ)}_(m)}_(m=0) ^({circumflex over (M)}−1)) based onthe phase response of the cross-correlation function, ∠C(τ) at the peaklocation. More specifically, identify a phase corresponding to theearliest peak time in a phase response of the cross-correlationfunction; and refine the earliest peak time based on the phase tocalculate the time-of-arrival of the signal.

Upon detecting the delay times of each peak according to the amplituderesponse of the cross-correlation function, the system can access thecorresponding phase response of the cross-correlation function at thesame (∠C({circumflex over (τ)}₀)={circumflex over (ϕ)}₀). Because of theproperties of the cross-correlation function, the phase response istypically flat around peaks in the amplitude response of thecross-correlation function. Therefore, {circumflex over (ϕ)}₀=ϕ₀ evenfor smaller signal lengths (with wider correlation peaks). Thus, thesystem can recover an accurate phase ϕ₀ corresponding to the LOSmultipath component of the signal even if {circumflex over (τ)}₀ doesnot accurately represent the TOA of the LOS multipath component (due toa small value of N). As such, the method S100 provides a means fordetecting an accurate LOS phase of the signal at small signal lengthsenabling the system to further refine LOS TOA estimates.

9.1 Multiband Phase-Based Time-of-Arrival Refinement

Generally, in Block S180, upon recovering {circumflex over (ϕ)}₀≈ϕ₀ overmultiple frequency bands, the system can refine the earliest peak time,{circumflex over (τ)}₀, based on recovered phase measurements, tocalculate an LOS TOA for the signal, τ₀. More specifically, the systemcan: receive the same baseband signal multiband signal of a lowbandwidth (approximately 1-5 MHz) at several (i) carrier frequenciesf_(c,i) (over any legally available band, such as the 902-928 MHz ISMband or sub-GHz cellular band); calculate {circumflex over (τ)}_(0,i)and {circumflex over (ϕ)}_(0,i) for each band of the signal; and executestatistical techniques to calculate τ₀.

Additionally, as part of a two-way time-transfer protocol, the systemcan access a transmission time τ_(s) at the transmitting node in orderto calculate the propagation time of the signal, τ₀−τ_(s), based onmultiple values of {circumflex over (ϕ)}_(0,i) for different carrierfrequencies of the signal. Upon calculating the propagation time of thesignal, the system can then calculate τ₀ given time synchronizationbetween the system and the transmitting node (further described in U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/405,922). Thus, the system can calculatea LOS TOA of a signal for signals of smaller signal length N.

In particular, the system executes statistical techniques to estimate τ₀based on the following relationship:{circumflex over (ϕ)}_(0,i)=2kπf _(c,i)(τ₀−τ_(s))mod 2π,where i is the index of the carrier frequency, k is a predeterminedconstant (e.g., k=2), and τ_(s) is the time of transmission of thesignal (communicated by the transmitting node). More specifically, thesystem can calculate a value for τ₀−τ_(s) by finding the value forτ₀−τ_(s) that best fits the set of LOS phases {circumflex over(ϕ)}_(0,i) across multiple frequency bands, while accounting foroutliers and or other statistical artifacts.

In one implementation, the system can define the set, G, according tothe following equation:

$G = {\left\{ {{\frac{{\hat{\phi}}_{0,i} + {n2\pi}}{2\pi f_{c,i}}:n} \in Z} \right\}.}$Subsequently, the system can calculate the following function G:f(τ)=|{{circumflex over (τ)}:|{circumflex over (τ)}−τ|<tns,{circumflexover (τ)}∈G}|,where t is a tunable parameter (e.g., equal to 2 nanoseconds). Thesystem can then solve for τ₀ according to the following equation:argmax_(τ) f(τ)=k(τ₀−τ_(s)).If k=2 argmax_(τ)f(τ) directly yields an estimate for 2(τ₀−τ_(s)) fromwhich the delay, (τ₀−τ_(s)), can be calculated by dividing by 2. Thus,the system can calculate a best fit value for the LOS TOA of the signalbased on the LOS phases for each frequency component of the signal.

If multiple maxima exist, the system can return a statisticallyprocessed version involving the locations of the maxima with respect toτ. The system can also reference prior values of {circumflex over (τ)}₀to further improve the statistical estimate of τ₀. For example, thesystem can detect outlier values of {circumflex over (τ)}₀ from amongsta set of {circumflex over (τ)}₀ from a set of frequency components ofthe signal. The system can then exclude the phase informationcorresponding to this value of {circumflex over (τ)}₀ from the phaserefinement process described above.

However, the system can calculate τ₀ based on the estimated values forthe phase and timing of the LOS multipath component of the signal foreach transmitted frequency band in any other way.

10. Adaptive Signal Length

In one implementation, the system can track the width of each peak ofthe cross-correlation function and adaptively adjust the signal length,N, if the width of the earliest peak (corresponding to {circumflex over(τ)}₀) is greater than a threshold width. Therefore, the system cancommunicate with the transmitting node to increase the length of thesignal until the width of the earliest peak of the cross-correlationfunction is less than the threshold width. More specifically, the systemcan: during the first time slot, receive the first signal characterizedby a first signal duration shorter than the first time slot; uponcalculating a LOS TOA of the first signal, calculate a first uncertaintyof the first time-of-arrival based on a first peak width of the firstearliest peak time corresponding to the LOS TOA; in response to thefirst uncertainty exceeding a threshold uncertainty, configure atransmitting node to transmit a second signal characterized by a secondsignal duration longer than the first signal duration and shorter than asecond time slot; and upon calculating a LOS TOA of the second signal,calculate a second uncertainty of the second time-of-arrival less thanthe first uncertainty based on a second peak width of the secondearliest peak time less than the first peak width.

The system can select the threshold width and/or the correspondinguncertainty based on target confidence interval for the LOS TOA of thesignal. Alternatively, the system can select the threshold width suchthat the phase response of the cross-correlation function issubstantially flat across the width of the earliest peak, therebyenabling the system to extract a phase, {circumflex over (ϕ)}₀, from thephase response of the cross-correlation function ∠C(τ).

11. Iterative Ranging Process

In one implementation, the system can iteratively execute Blocks of themethod S100 based on successive signals received by the system in orderto refine the LOS signal propagation time in the context of a two-wayranging scheme. More specifically, the system can: receive a signalcharacterized by a known departure time; extract a phase {circumflexover (ϕ)}₀ from the phase response of the cross-correlation functioncalculated by the system; estimate a propagation time for the signalbased on the phase {circumflex over (ϕ)}₀; and receive a successivesignal from the same transmitting node; and narrow the subsequent peakin the amplitude response of the cross-correlation function for thesuccessive signal based on the estimated propagation time. Thus, inapplications in which a sufficiently accurate propagation time is notmeasured based on a first signal between the transmitting node and thesystem, the system can process multiple successive signals and improvethe estimate of the propagation time of the signal from the transmittingnode to the system based on the phase information corresponding to theLOS TOA extracted from the phase response of the cross-correlationfunction to. Therefore, in implementations in which the TDMA slotallocated for the signal is short (e.g., on the order of tens orhundreds of microseconds), the system can still execute Blocks of themethod S100 to iteratively refine the propagation time of the signal.

The systems and methods described herein can be embodied and/orimplemented at least in part as a machine configured to receive acomputer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions. Theinstructions can be executed by computer-executable componentsintegrated with the application, applet, host, server, network, website,communication service, communication interface,hardware/firmware/software elements of a user computer or mobile device,wristband, smartphone, or any suitable combination thereof. Othersystems and methods of the embodiment can be embodied and/or implementedat least in part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readablemedium storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions can beexecuted by computer-executable components integrated bycomputer-executable components integrated with apparatuses and networksof the type described above. The computer-readable medium can be storedon any suitable computer readable media such as RAMs, ROMs, flashmemory, EEPROMs, optical devices (CD or DVD), hard drives, floppydrives, or any suitable device. The computer-executable component can bea processor but any suitable dedicated hardware device can(alternatively or additionally) execute the instructions.

As a person skilled in the art will recognize from the previous detaileddescription and from the figures and claims, modifications and changescan be made to the embodiments of the invention without departing fromthe scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.

We claim:
 1. A method for detecting times-of-arrival of signalscomprising, at a receiving node: during a first time slot, receiving afirst signal comprising a first carrier signal: characterized by a firstcarrier frequency; and modulated by a first template signal defining afirst code sequence characterized by a transmitter chip period;demodulating the first signal according to a first local oscillatorfrequency to generate a first received baseband signal, the first localoscillator frequency and the first carrier frequency defining a firstdesynchronization ratio in irreducible form characterized by a firstdenominator greater than a threshold denominator; sampling the firstreceived baseband signal at the transmitter chip period to generate afirst set of digital samples; generating, on a fine time grid, a firstreconstructed baseband signal based on the first set of digital samples,the fine time grid characterized by a time resolution less than thetransmitter chip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a firstcross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of the firstreconstructed baseband signal and the first template signal; andcalculating, on the fine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the firstsignal based on a first earliest peak time in a first set of peak times,each peak time in the first set of peak times corresponding to a localmaximum in a first amplitude response of the first cross-correlationfunction.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein calculating, on the finetime grid, the first time-of-arrival of the first signal based on thefirst earliest peak time in the first set of peak times comprises:identifying a phase corresponding to the first earliest peak time in afirst phase response of the first cross-correlation function; andrefining the first earliest peak time based on the phase to calculatethe first time-of-arrival of the first signal.
 3. The method of claim 1:wherein, during the first time slot, receiving the first signalcomprises, during the first time slot, receiving the first signalcharacterized by a first signal duration shorter than the first timeslot and comprising the first carrier signal: characterized by the firstcarrier frequency; and modulated by the first template signal definingthe first code sequence characterized by the transmitter chip period;further comprising: calculating a first uncertainty of the firsttime-of-arrival based on a first peak width of the first earliest peaktime; in response to the first uncertainty exceeding a thresholduncertainty, configuring a transmitting node to transmit a second signalcharacterized by a second signal duration longer than the first signalduration and shorter than a second time slot and comprising a secondcarrier signal: characterized by a second carrier frequency; andmodulated by a second template signal defining a second code sequencecharacterized by a transmitter chip period; during the second time slot,receiving the second signal; demodulating the second signal according tothe first local oscillator frequency to generate a second receivedbaseband signal; sampling the second received baseband signal at thetransmitter chip period to generate a second set of digital samples;generating, on the fine time grid, a second reconstructed basebandsignal based on the second set of digital samples; calculating, on thefine time grid, a second cross-correlation function comprising across-correlation of the second reconstructed baseband signal and thesecond template signal; calculating, on the fine time grid, a secondtime-of-arrival of the second signal based on a second earliest peaktime in a second set of peak times, each peak time in the second set ofpeak times corresponding to a local maximum in a second amplituderesponse of the second cross-correlation function; and calculating asecond uncertainty of the second time-of-arrival less than the firstuncertainty based on a second peak width of the second earliest peaktime less than the first peak width.
 4. The method of claim 1: wherein,during the first time slot, receiving the first signal comprises, duringthe first time slot, receiving the first signal comprising: a firstfrequency component comprising the first carrier signal: characterizedby the first carrier frequency; and modulated by the first templatesignal defining the first code sequence characterized by the transmitterchip period; a second frequency component comprising a second carriersignal: characterized by a second carrier frequency; and modulated bythe first template signal defining the first code sequence characterizedby the transmitter chip period; wherein demodulating the first signalaccording to the first local oscillator frequency to generate the firstreceived baseband signal comprises: demodulating the first frequencycomponent according to the first local oscillator frequency to generatethe first received baseband signal; and demodulating the secondfrequency component according to a second local oscillator frequency togenerate a second received baseband signal, the second local oscillatorfrequency and the second carrier frequency defining a seconddesynchronization ratio in irreducible form characterized by a seconddenominator greater than the threshold denominator; further comprising:sampling the second received baseband signal at the transmitter chipperiod to generate a second set of digital samples; generating, on thefine time grid, a second reconstructed baseband signal based on thesecond set of digital samples; and calculating, on the fine time grid, asecond cross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of thesecond reconstructed baseband signal and the first template signal; andwherein calculating, on the fine time grid, the first time-of-arrival ofthe first signal based on the first cross-correlation functioncomprises: calculating, on the fine time grid, a first earliest peaktime in a first set of peak times, each peak time in the first set ofpeak times corresponding to a local maximum in a first amplituderesponse of the first cross-correlation function; calculating, on thefine time grid, a second earliest peak time in a second set of peaktimes, each peak time in the second set of peak times corresponding to alocal maximum in a second amplitude response of the secondcross-correlation function; identifying a first phase corresponding tothe first earliest peak time in a first phase response of the firstcross-correlation function; identifying a second phase corresponding tothe second earliest peak time in a second phase response of the secondcross-correlation function; and refining the first earliest peak timeand the second earliest peak time based on the first phase and thesecond phase to calculate the first time-of-arrival of the first signal.5. The method of claim 4, wherein refining the first earliest peak timeand the second earliest peak time based on the first phase and thesecond phase to calculate the first time-of-arrival of the first signalcomprises: accessing a first time-of-departure of the first signal; andcalculating a best fit value of the first time-of-arrival based on thefirst phase, the second phase, and the first time-of-departure.
 6. Themethod of claim 4: further comprising calculating a difference betweenthe first earliest peak time and the second earliest peak time; andwherein refining the first earliest peak time and the second earliestpeak time based on the first phase and the second phase to calculate thefirst time-of-arrival of the first signal comprises, in response to thedifference exceeding a threshold difference, refining the first earliestpeak time and the second earliest peak time based on the first phase andthe second phase to calculate the first time-of-arrival of the firstsignal.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising calculating thetime resolution of the fine time grid based on the first denominator. 8.A method for detecting times-of-arrival of signals comprising: receivinga signal comprising a template signal defining a code sequencecharacterized by a transmitter chip period; demodulating the signal togenerate a received baseband signal; sampling the received basebandsignal at a receiver sampling period to generate a set of digitalsamples, the receiver sampling period and the transmitter chip perioddefining a desynchronization ratio in irreducible form characterized bya denominator greater than a threshold denominator; generating, on afine time grid, a reconstructed baseband signal based on the set ofdigital samples, the fine time grid characterized by a time resolutionless than the receiver sampling period and less than the transmitterchip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a cross-correlationfunction comprising a cross-correlation of the reconstructed basebandsignal and the template signal; and calculating, on the fine time grid,the time-of-arrival of the signal based on an earliest peak time in aset of peak times, each peak time in the set of peak times correspondingto a local maximum in an amplitude response of the cross-correlationfunction.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein calculating, on the finetime grid, the time-of-arrival of the signal based on the earliest peaktime in the set of peak times comprises: identifying a phasecorresponding to the earliest peak time in a phase response of thecross-correlation function; and refining the earliest peak time based onthe phase to calculate the time-of-arrival of the signal.
 10. The methodof claim 8, wherein calculating, on the fine time grid, thetime-of-arrival of the signal based on the earliest peak time in the setof peak times comprises: calculating a peak width corresponding to theearliest peak time in the amplitude response of the cross-correlationfunction; calculating the time-of-arrival of the signal based on theearliest peak time in the set of peak times; and calculating anuncertainty of the time-of-arrival based on the peak width correspondingto the earliest peak time.
 11. A method for detecting times-of-arrivalof signals comprising, at a receiving node: during a first time slot,receiving a first signal comprising a first carrier signal:characterized by a first carrier frequency; and modulated by a firsttemplate signal defining a first code sequence characterized by atransmitter chip period; demodulating the signal according to a firstlocal oscillator frequency to generate a first received baseband signal,the first local oscillator frequency and the first carrier frequencydefining a first desynchronization ratio in irreducible formcharacterized by a first denominator greater than a thresholddenominator; sampling the first received baseband signal at thetransmitter chip period to generate a first set of digital samples;generating, on a fine time grid, a first reconstructed baseband signalbased on the first set of digital samples, the fine time gridcharacterized by a time resolution less than the transmitter chipperiod; calculating, on the fine time grid, a first cross-correlationfunction comprising a cross-correlation of the first reconstructedbaseband signal and the first template signal; and calculating, on thefine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the first signal based on amaximum time corresponding to a global maximum in an amplitude responseof the first cross-correlation function.
 12. A method for detectingtimes-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node: during afirst time slot, receiving a first signal comprising a first carriersignal: characterized by a first carrier frequency; and modulated by afirst template signal defining a first code sequence comprising aconstant amplitude, zero autocorrelation waveform characterized by thetransmitter chip period; demodulating the signal according to a firstlocal oscillator frequency to generate a first received baseband signal,the first local oscillator frequency and the first carrier frequencydefining a first desynchronization ratio in irreducible formcharacterized by a first denominator greater than a thresholddenominator; sampling the first received baseband signal at thetransmitter chip period to generate a first set of digital samples;generating, on a fine time grid, a first reconstructed baseband signalbased on the first set of digital samples, the fine time gridcharacterized by a time resolution less than the transmitter chipperiod; calculating, on the fine time grid, a first cross-correlationfunction comprising a cross-correlation of the first reconstructedbaseband signal and the first template signal; and calculating, on thefine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the first signal based on thefirst cross-correlation function.
 13. A method for detectingtimes-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node: during afirst time slot, receiving a first signal comprising a first carriersignal: characterized by a first carrier frequency; and modulated by afirst template signal defining a first code sequence characterized by atransmitter chip period and a pulse shape; demodulating the signalaccording to a first local oscillator frequency to generate a firstreceived baseband signal, the first local oscillator frequency and thefirst carrier frequency defining a first desynchronization ratio inirreducible form characterized by a first denominator greater than athreshold denominator; sampling the first received baseband signal atthe transmitter chip period to generate a first set of digital samples;generating, on a fine time grid, a first reconstructed baseband signalbased on the first set of digital samples and the pulse shape, the finetime grid characterized by a time resolution less than the transmitterchip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a firstcross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of the firstreconstructed baseband signal and the first template signal; andcalculating, on the fine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the firstsignal based on the first cross-correlation function.
 14. A method fordetecting times-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node:during a first time slot, receiving a first signal comprising a firstcarrier signal: characterized by a first carrier frequency; andmodulated by a first template signal defining a first code sequencecharacterized by a transmitter chip period; demodulating the firstsignal according to a first local oscillator frequency to generate afirst received baseband signal, the first local oscillator frequency andthe first carrier frequency defining a first desynchronization ratio inirreducible form: characterized by a first denominator greater than athreshold denominator; and approximating an irrational number; samplingthe first received baseband signal at the transmitter chip period togenerate a first set of digital samples; generating, on a fine timegrid, a first reconstructed baseband signal based on the first set ofdigital samples, the fine time grid characterized by a time resolutionless than the transmitter chip period; calculating, on the fine timegrid, a first cross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlationof the first reconstructed baseband signal and the first templatesignal; and calculating, on the fine time grid, a first time-of-arrivalof the first signal based on the first cross-correlation function.
 15. Amethod for detecting times-of-arrival of signals comprising: receiving asignal comprising a template signal defining a code sequencecharacterized by a transmitter chip period; demodulating the signal togenerate a received baseband signal; sampling the received basebandsignal at a receiver sampling period to generate the set of digitalsamples, the receiver sampling period and the transmitter chip perioddefining a first desynchronization ratio in irreducible form:characterized by a first denominator greater than a thresholddenominator; and approximating an irrational number; generating, on afine time grid, a reconstructed baseband signal based on the set ofdigital samples, the fine time grid characterized by a time resolutionless than the receiver sampling period and less than the transmitterchip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a cross-correlationfunction comprising a cross-correlation of the reconstructed basebandsignal and the template signal; and calculating, on the fine time grid,the time-of-arrival of the signal based on the cross-correlationfunction.
 16. A method for detecting times-of-arrival of signalscomprising, at a receiving node: during a first time slot, receiving afirst signal comprising a first carrier signal: characterized by a firstcarrier frequency; and modulated by a first template signal defining afirst code sequence characterized by a transmitter chip period;demodulating the first signal according to a first local oscillatorfrequency to generate a first received baseband signal, the first localoscillator frequency and the first carrier frequency defining a firstdesynchronization ratio in irreducible form characterized by a firstdenominator greater than a threshold denominator; sampling the firstreceived baseband signal at the transmitter chip period to generate afirst set of digital samples; generating, on a fine time grid, a firstreconstructed baseband signal based on the first set of digital samples,the fine time grid characterized by a time resolution less than thetransmitter chip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a firstcross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of the firstreconstructed baseband signal and the first template signal; andcalculating, on the fine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the firstsignal based on the first cross-correlation comprising: calculating anideal peak shape based on a signal length, the transmitter chip period,the first carrier frequency, and the first local oscillator frequency;calculating a deconvolution function of the ideal peak shape and thefirst cross-correlation function to generate a set of times-of-arrival,each time-of-arrival corresponding to a multipath component of the firstsignal; and identifying the first time of arrival as the earliesttime-of-arrival in the set of times-of-arrival.
 17. A method fordetecting times-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node:during a first time slot, receiving a first signal comprising a firstcarrier signal: characterized by a first carrier frequency; andmodulated by a first template signal defining a first code sequencecharacterized by a transmitter chip period; characterizing a frequencyoffset between the receiving node and a transmitting node of the firstsignal; calculating an adjusted first local oscillator frequency basedon a first local oscillator frequency and the frequency offset, thefirst local oscillator frequency and the first carrier frequencydefining a first desynchronization ratio in irreducible formcharacterized by a first denominator greater than a thresholddenominator; demodulating the first signal according to the adjustedfirst local oscillator frequency to generate a first received basebandsignal, the adjusted first local oscillator frequency and the firstcarrier frequency defining the first desynchronization ratio inirreducible form characterized by the first denominator greater than thethreshold denominator; sampling the first received baseband signal atthe transmitter chip period to generate a first set of digital samples;generating, on a fine time grid, a first reconstructed baseband signalbased on the first set of digital samples, the fine time gridcharacterized by a time resolution less than the transmitter chipperiod; calculating, on the fine time grid, a first cross-correlationfunction comprising a cross-correlation of the first reconstructedbaseband signal and the first template signal; and calculating, on thefine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the first signal based on thefirst cross-correlation function.
 18. A method for detectingtimes-of-arrival of signals comprising, at a receiving node:characterizing a frequency drift between the receiving node and atransmitting node of the first signal; calculating a first time slotbased on the frequency drift; configuring the transmitting node totransmit a first signal characterized by a first duration less than thefirst time slot; during the first time slot, receiving the first signalcomprising a first carrier signal: characterized by a first carrierfrequency; and modulated by a first template signal defining a firstcode sequence characterized by a transmitter chip period; demodulatingthe first signal according to a first local oscillator frequency togenerate a first received baseband signal, the first local oscillatorfrequency and the first carrier frequency defining a firstdesynchronization ratio in irreducible form characterized by a firstdenominator greater than a threshold denominator; sampling the firstreceived baseband signal at the transmitter chip period to generate afirst set of digital samples; generating, on a fine time grid, a firstreconstructed baseband signal based on the first set of digital samples,the fine time grid characterized by a time resolution less than thetransmitter chip period; calculating, on the fine time grid, a firstcross-correlation function comprising a cross-correlation of the firstreconstructed baseband signal and the first template signal; andcalculating, on the fine time grid, a first time-of-arrival of the firstsignal based on the first cross-correlation function.